To overcome these limitations, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as innovative water and wastewater treatment techniques. AOPs utilize the oxidative power of hydroxyl (•OH) or sulfate (•SO4–) radicals generated in situ to efficiently eliminate organic pollutants present in aqueous environments. Among AOPs, •OH-based processes have gained significant popularity and widespread acceptance, owing to their exceptional oxidation capabilities. 

Electrochemical processes offer several attractive advantages:

 Versatility: These processes enable direct or indirect oxidation and reduction, phase separation, concentration or dilution, and biocide functionality, and can be applied to various media and pollutants in gases, liquids, and solids. They are suitable for treating both small and large volumes, ranging from microliters to millions of liters.

 Energy efficiency: Electrochemical processes generally require lower temperatures than non-electrochemical alternatives like thermal incineration. Through careful design of electrodes and cells, power losses caused by inhomogeneous current distribution, voltage drop, and side reactions can be minimized.

 Automation potential: The inherent variables of electrochemical processes, such as electrode potential and cell current, lend themselves well to process automation, facilitating efficient control and monitoring.

Cost-effectiveness: The construction of electrochemical cells and associated equipment is typically straightforward and, when properly designed, cost-effective.